Citing Sources: Primary Sources
Letter
APA
Wright, F.L. (1908, December). [Letter to Darwin D. Martin].
University at Buffalo Archives, Buffalo, NY.
MLA
Wright, Frank Lloyd. Letter to Darwin D. Martin. Dec. 1908.
Frank Lloyd Wright and Darwin D. Martin Papers. Special
Collections, University Archives, U. at Buffalo Lib, Buffalo.
Chicago
Cite unpublished interviews, letters, conversations in person or by phone and e-mail messages in a note or in the text and do not include in the bibliography.
Notes:
Frank Lloyd Wright, letter to Darwin D. Martin, December 1908.
CSE
Citation-Sequence:
Wright F. [Letter to Darwin D. Martin, 1908]. Located at: Special
Collections, University Archives, Univ at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Name-Year:
Wright F. 1908. [Letter to Darwin D. Martin]. Located at: Special
Collections, University Archives, Univ at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Interview
APA
Interviews fall into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews. However, only published interviews require a formal citation in your reference list.
MLA
McClure, Michael. Interview by Craig Frischkorn. Michael McClure
Interview, Jamestown Community College, 7/22/92. Special
Collections, Poetry Audiovisual Collection, U. Buffalo Lib, Buffalo.
22 July 1992. Audiotape.
Royer, William. Interview by Ted Koppel. Nightline. ABC. WKBW,
Buffalo. 12 Dec. 1980. Television.
Krakauer, Jon. Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air. Natl. Public Radio.
WBFO, Buffalo. 18 June 1996. Radio.
Pettitte, Andrew. Interview by Chris Berman. "Pitching in the Steroids Era."
ESPN.com. Entertainment Sports Programming Network, 12 May 2007.
Web. 8 July 2009.
Chicago
Published:
Notes:
Angela Lansbury, interview, in Off Camera: Conversations with the Makers of Prime-Time
Television, ed. Richard Levinson and William Link, (New York: Plume-NAL, 1986), 82-86.
Bibliography:
Lansbury, Angela. Interview. Off-Camera: Conversations with the Makers of Prime-Time
Television, eds. Richard Levinson and William Link, New York: Plume-NAL, 1986. 82-86.
Unpublished:
Personal communications are usually fully integrated within the text or contained within a note. They rarely appear as bibliographic entries. Email addresses or the like belonging to an individual are generally omitted, and should only be cited with permission from the owner.
Notes:
Benjamin Spock, interview by Milton J.E. Senn, November 20, 1974, interview 67A, transcript,
Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
CSE
[No example provided in current edition.]
Motion Picture (VHS/DVD)
APA
Valdes, D. (Producer), & Eastwood, C. (Producer/Director). (1992).
Unforgiven [Motion Picture]. Warner Brothers.
Perrin, J., & Barratier, C. (Producer/Directors). (2003). Winged
Migration [Motion picture]. Columbia.
MLA
Unforgiven. Prod. David Valdez. Dir. Clint Eastwood. Perf. Clint
Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman, and Richard Harris.
Warner Brothers,1992. Film.
Winged Migration. Prod. Jacques Perrin and Christophe Barratier.
Co-dir. Jacques Clusaud and Michel Debats. Columbia, 2003. Film.
Chicago
Notes:
Clash of the Titans, directed by Desmond Davis (1981; Buckinghamshire, England: MGM, 2010),
DVD.
Bibliography:
Clash of the Titans. Directed by Desmond Davis. Buckinghamshire, England: MGM, 1981. DVD.
CSE
Citation-Sequence:
Unforgiven [videocassette]. Valdez D, producer. Eastwood C, director.
[Burbank, CA]: Warner Brothers; 1992. 1 videocassette: 131 min, sound,
color, ½ in.
Name-Year:
Valdez D, producer. Eastwood C, director. 1992. Unforgiven [videocassette].
[Burbank, CA]: Warner Brothers. 1 videocassette: 119 min, sound, color, ½ in.
Television Program
APA
Kirk, M. (Writer and director). (2004, April 15). The man who
knew [Television series episode]. In M. Kirk (Producer)
Frontline. WGBH Educational Foundation:
Public Broadcasting Service.
MLA
"The Man Who Knew." Frontline. Dir. Michael Kirk. PBS.
WGBH, Boston. 15 Apr. 2004. Television.
Chicago
Notes:
Michael Kirk, Frontline: The Man Who Knew, television program, Boston, MA: WGBH
Educational Foundation, PBS Video, April 15, 2004.
Bibliography:
Kirk, Michael. Frontline: The Man Who Knew. Television program. Boston,
MA: WGBH Educational Foundation: PBS Video, April 15, 2004.
CSE
[No example provided in current edition.]
Music Recording
APA
Dylan, B. (2005). No direction home: The soundtrack [CD].
Columbia.
Springsteen, B. (1973). Blinded by the light [Recorded by M. Mann].
On The roaring silence [LP recording]. Warner
Brothers. (1976).
Mahler, G. (1999). Das Lied von der Erde [Recorded by the Wiener
Philharmoniker conducted by Leonard Bernstein]. [CD].
Decca. (Recorded 1966)
MLA
Dylan, Bob. No Direction Home: The Soundtrack. Columbia, 2005. CD.
Mann, Manfred. "Blinded by the Light." By Bruce Springsteen. The Roaring
Silence. Warner Brothers, 1976. CD.
Mahler, Gustav. Symphony No. 5. Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Cond.
Daniel Barenboim. Teldec, 1997. CD.
Chicago
Notes:
Bob Dylan, “Workingman’s Blues #2,” recorded February 2006, track 3 on Modern Times, Columbia, compact disc.
Bibliography:
Dylan, Bob. “Workingman’s Blues #2.” Recorded February 2006. Track 3 on Modern Times. Columbia. Compact disc.
CSE
[No example provided in current edition.]
Music Score
APA
Feldman, M. (1966). Two pieces for three pianos. [Musical score].
New York: C.F. Peters.
Torelli, G. (2007). Tu lo sai. In R. Nichols (Ed.), 30 Italian songs
and arias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries [Musical
score]. London: Edition Peters.
MLA
Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw: For Narrator, Men's
Chorus, and Orchestra, Opus 46. Bomart Music Publications, 1949.
Copland, Aaron. Old American Songs. Boosey & Hawkes,
1954.
Chicago
Notes:
Johann Christian Bach, Three Sonatas for Piano Four Hands, ed. Wilhelm Weissman, (Boca
Raton, FL: Masters Music, 1995).
Bibliography:
Bach, Johann Christian. Three Sonatas for Piano Four Hands. Ed. Wilhelm Weissman. Boca
Raton, FL: Masters Music, 1995.