Standards provide people and organizations with a basis for mutual understanding and are used as tools to facilitate communication, measurement, commerce, and manufacturing.

Standards are everywhere and play an important role in the economy, by:

• facilitating business interaction
• enabling companies to comply with relevant laws and regulations
• speeding up the introduction of innovative products to market 
• providing interoperability between new and existing products, services, and processes.

- CEN CENELEC

Standards impact our every day lives.

• See also Standards are Everywhere: An Information Literacy Approach to Standards Education by Purdue Libraries for more information on what standards are, as well as where standards can be found in everyday objects.

Standards are important to businesses, governments, engineers, scientists, architects, designers, students, and more.

• See the Value of Standards webpage from the Standards Boost Business website. 

For more information, watch the video below from ISO on What Standards Do for You.

Another video, below, is from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology and illustrates how standards are important to technology and innovation.

You can use standards databases to search for standards by keyword or topic (e.g., footwear). Intertek Inform and the ANSI Webstore are two popular options and cover standards worldwide (although not ALL standards developing organizations are represented in these tools, they do have great range).

• Intertek Inform (a standards provider)  
  Search 1.6 million+ standards and industry codes from more than 360 standards agencies worldwide. Standards can be purchased directly from Intertek Inform in PDF or print formats.
   
• ANSI WebStore
  Search for ANSI, ASTM, ISO, IEC, and other standards publishers by keyword or document number. Be sure to re-set the search box to "KEYWORD" if searching that way. This will provide you with the acronym and name of the publishing organization (as well as a standard number and the title of the standard).

Other specialized indexes exist for military standards, federal standards, foreign national standards, etc. These indexes are identified and cited in the respective sections accessible through the tabs above. Links are provided to the web version of an index where one is available.

Some standards are freely accessible to the public, or to students, specifically. Details on how to access select standards at no cost are provided below.

ANSI IBR Standards Portal - Standards Incorporated by Reference

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Incorporated by Reference (IBR) Portal provides access to standards that have been incorporated by reference in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). These standards incorporated by the U.S. government in rulemakings are offered at no cost in “read only” format and are presented for online reading. There are no print or download options.

Many standards developing organizations are included, however, please note, only selected standards (those which are incorporated by reference) are available to view. Some of the standards organizations included are, but are not limited to:

• IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
• ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers)
• ICC (International Code Council)
• UL (Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.)
• HFES (the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society)
• IES (Illuminating Engineering Society)

For additional access requirements and a full listing of standards, visit the ANSI IBR Portal page.

ASTM International Standards via the ASTM Reading Room

While UB currently has access to the ASTM Compass database, mandatory ASTM standards (those called out in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)) are always freely accessible through the ASTM Reading Room.

Please be aware, standards cannot be downloaded or printed, but the full text can be read in the browser. Also important to note, is the most recent version (year) of the ASTM standard is not always the mandatory version. Only the version that is currently mandatory can be viewed through the ASTM Reading Room,.

At some point, you may need to purchase a standard for your business or venture. There are many places to buy standards, so just a few are identified below. 

For more information on standards, please refer to the main Research Guide on Technical Standards using the link below. 

If you are using a standard in your paper, presentation, scholarly publishing, etc., it needs to be cited, just like a book or article. There is no specific style manual for standards; instead, the style depends on the discipline or journal (or whatever citation style your professor states is required for an assignment). Complete references for a standard should include the title, document number, publication date, and the publisher. 

Guidelines are included below for citing standards in several popular citation style formats. When in doubt, always consult your Professor for which style they prefer for the assignment.

• ASME Citation Style Guide
• SAE Citation Style Guide
• IEEE Editorial Style Manual

NOTE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recommends using the Chicago Manual of Style for citations. 

If you use EndNote to manage your citations, you can create new References within your EndNote Library for standards. Simply create a New Reference, then change the Reference Type to "Standard."

Basic Information to Include When Citing Standards

Make sure you provide enough information so that anyone interested in further information can track down the original document. 

• Issuing Agency (or publication name)
• Standard Number
• Standard title
• Publication Date
• Specific Version
  • Standards can be reprinted, altered/reissued by a number of different standard organizations, withdrawn, etc.